Abstract Classes in C#

abstract class Animal {
    public abstract void Speak();   // no body — concrete
                                      // subclasses must provide one
}
class Dog : Animal {
    public override void Speak() {
        Console.WriteLine("Woof");
    }
}

Full lesson:

Sometimes you want to capture shared behavior across a family of classes without committing to one concrete implementation. For example, every Animal can Speak(), but exactly how depends on whether it's a Dog or a Cat. That's what abstract classes are for.

Two superpowers

1. You can't write new Animal() directly — the compiler stops you. You have to pick a concrete subclass.
2. Any subclass MUST implement every abstract method, or the compiler reports an error. The abstract class is a contract with teeth.

Mixing abstract and concrete

An abstract class can also have concrete methods (with bodies) and fields. Those are shared by all subclasses for free, just like normal inheritance. Only the methods marked abstract require an override.

Your task

The abstract Animal class is already defined. Create a concrete Dog subclass and implement the Speak method so it prints "Woof". The harness builds a Dog and calls Speak().

Expected output:

Woof